Five thousand years ago there was invented the wheel. First there was the so-called ice rinks, which were used in ancient Egypt. They were used in the construction of the pyramids. To the movement of goods, facilitate under the huge boulders lay a circular pieces of tree trunks. From this and the story wheel. For centuries the wheel modified and improved. Evolution of the wheels went on. But the real revolution in the history of the wheel occurred in the 19 Century, when the tire was invented. Since the invention of pneumatic tires, without which shifted the existence of a modern vehicle for over 200 years. What is the bus? For many, the tire is ordinary bottle made ​​of rubber. From geometrical point of view of the tire - it is a torus, with a manual - a vessel in the form of an elastic membrane with a high pressure, the chemical - a material with a long chain of the macromolecule. In its structure, the tire has high performance characteristics. In general, the tires - it is one of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the synthesis of science and technology and modern technology. Tires car tires, made ​​up of several elements. Bus embodies many of the discoveries of the chemical industry, as used in the manufacture of tires synthetic materials. Tire production every year, millions of tons of soot, elastomers, lubricants, pigments, various chemicals and other materials. Opening of the cured facilitated the emergence of a tire. This made ​​it possible to find the best material for the construction and was the impetus for the development of rubber industry in the industry.

Robert William Thomson, first patented the invention of pneumatic tires (air wheel)

As it is now hard to believe, but the first bus was not for the car. On cars that moved without horses, they replaced the large rubber tires until many years after his birth. The first officially recorded the invention of pneumatic tires by Robert William Thomson. He was born 29th June 1822 in Scotland, a family of small landowners. In 1844, when Thomson was 22 years old, he was a railway engineer. In London he had his business and his own office, where he was born on a tire. The patent, dated 10 June 1846 and is written at a high level, has the essence of the invention of Thomson, the tire structure and has been described for the preparation of necessary materials. "Aerial wheel, which was described in the patent was for a wagon or sleigh. The tire was on a wheel with spokes made of wood, which is superimposed are inserted in a wooden edge, and he was again tire of metal covered. Bus consists of the camera (several layers of canvas impregnated with a solution of gutta-percha or rubber) and an outer coating consisting of pieces of skin that are connected by rivets. is bolted to the edge of the tire. The lid of the skin was required to wear and many curves. As the skin stretch when wet and expands under the influence of the internal pressure increases the board canvas. The patent also describes the valve to pump the tires. The crew of the aircraft wheels Thomson tested by measuring the tensile force. Check it was found that traction on gravel decline - 38%, and the coating of gravel - 68%. Were also such features as one way, quietly, simply stated motion. The results of the tests were published in 1849 in the Journal of Mechanics magazine. But the emergence of this important invention, the embodiment of life a thoughtful, proven and robust test and is ready for further improvements and changes to not be an excuse for mass production. There were no enthusiasts who would have released this product at a reasonable cost. Thomson died in 1873, and forget the very "air bike" However, samples were obtained of the product.

John Dunlop has applied a pneumatic tire in practice

Go to the tires back in 1888. It was the Scot, John Dunlop. He was known as the author of the tire. In 1887 he completed a tricycle to her little boy wearing a big tire on a wheel, which he built from a hose for watering the garden, and then blew her air. 23. JB Dunlop published in July 1888 a patent for an invention, a priority in the use of "Case for pneumatic transport has been confirmed by patent of 31 August this year. Advantages rated tires very quickly. In June 1889 the stadium in Belfast, William Hulme competed in the race on a bicycle with pneumatic tires. And despite the fact that Hume was an average driver, he won all the races that he participated. Invention found, and commercial applications. In Dublin in 1889 was organized by a small company "pneumatic tires and the Agency Bout to sell a bike." Currently, this is one of the largest companies in the world for the production of tires -. Dunlop "

Further improvement of the pneumatic tire

In 1890 a young engineer Chald Ueltch proposed: the chamber of the tire, insert the wire into the edges of the tire to separate and put on the rim, which was toward the center well. Frenchman Didier and British Bartlett invented a way of mounting and dismounting tires. Tires the car can be used. The first is the French André and Edouard Michelin, who have the experience of time in the production of tires for bicycles. In 1895, the automobile race Paris - Bordeaux attended vehicle with pneumatic tires, which dealt with the distance of 1,200 km, will finish their course, despite repeated punctures. In 1896 in England tires "Dunlop" were on the car, "Lanchester" installed. Tires contributed to the smooth motion and SUVs. But the tires were not yet sufficiently reliable and time-consuming to install. Subsequent developments in this area with increased wear, low rolling resistance tires and a quick installation and removal associated with. It took a tire a few years before the tires replaced irrevocably cast. To improve the bus began to use more robust and durable materials. As the bus appeared cord - durable layer of yarns. Have also begun to address the rapid design, making it possible to change tires in a couple of minutes exercised. Advanced pneumatic tires have a wide application and has led to a rapid increase in the development of the tire industry. The First World War provided the impetus for the development of tires for trucks and buses. The first in this industry are the United States. Tires for trucks are high pressure and able to carry heavy loads, but with the necessary speed characteristics. In 1925 the world was about 4 million vehicles with pneumatic tires. And it's almost the entire parking lot. Exceptions were only a few types of trucks. Published large companies producing buses to work, many of them successful, and now, "Dunlop" in Britain, Pirelli in Italy, Michelin in France, "Continental", "Mettseler in Germany," Good Year "" Firestone "and" Goodrich "in the U.S..

The scientific approach to manufacturing tires

By the end of 20 it ends years of the creation of tires only by intuition of the designers. A need for a scientific approach to the creation of tires. At that time, was already a mature based on chemical technology. It can be used for the manufacture of tire rubber compounds. In the field of design and testing of tires for passenger cars of experience do not come immediately. To this end, research conducted and led the practical activities of many companies in different countries. To determine the tire performance has a special test rigs. In the 30 years, the designers worked on the shape and tread pattern and also tries to define the role of the tire in driving behavior. During the Second World War have to create a new and improved tire rubber formulations are actively using synthetic rubber (SC). In the former USSR in the tire industry, synthetic rubber instead of natural application began as early as 1933rd The next stage in the evolution of tire production was the use of cable made of viscose and nylon. Tires with viscose improved performance and reducing the frequency of failure of the tires. Nylon tires more durable. As a result, the frame breaks is reduced to almost zero. In the mid-20th Century of Michelin, the new design of the tires. Its function was the hard times, which consisted of layers of steel. Ply cords are not placed diagonally and radially from bead to bead. These tires were used as radial and gave an increase in permeability. At the same time, the designers great emphasis on durability and traction on dry tires and have paid on wet roads. In the next decade, the ratio of height to width of the tire changed profile. Manufacture low-profile radial tires. The desire for low profile tires with larger contact area with the road. This contributed to an increase tire life, and also improved lateral stability and traction properties. Compared with the 50-mi for years in the 70 years of the tire, a degree of perfection has been reached. Increased safety and reduced fuel consumption. Cars running radial tires. The company "Continental" in the 80 years suggested a new design of the tire mounted on the T-shaped rim. This is the road safety at a low speed still safe with run-flat tires. The new era in building tires started on space flight and space exploration. Moonwalker lunoroboty and called for the production of new types of tires that are not afraid, neither heat nor cold, neither the vacuum in a position to move on any surface. Currently, a general trend seen for the use of tubeless radial tires low profile. The use of these tires is an opportunity to use the power of the vehicle carrying capacity and volume, and for the safe transport and efficient operation of the vehicle. The improvement of the bus is moving in all directions and is characterized by a broad specialization in accordance with the intended purpose. It is paid to coupling quality, rolling resistance, durability of tires. Developer of the tire industry are on the chemical composition, increase tire life and vehicle safety work, tread pattern, simplified production technology, improvement of technical and economic performance tires.